造林气候调节效应及其影响机理研究进展

造林及人工林生长吸收并固定二氧化碳（CO₂），其"幼龄效应"使得全球中、高纬度新造林的CO₂吸收超过天然林，被认为是减缓全球变暖、控制升温2℃目标的一个关键战略，亦是生态保护修复和林业可持续发展并举的一个重要措施。我国人工林保有面积居全球首位，占林地面积的36%，近几十年造林为全球变绿的贡献超过10%。造林改变地表生物地球化学和生物物理过程从而影响温度、降水、成云、风等，在不同气候带、不同区域呈现差异性气候调节效应，取决于温室气体、辐射能量、水汽收支之间的平衡结果。分析了国际、国内在应对气候变化活动中对于造林的急迫需求，综述了造林气候调节效应的研究进展，以及产生这种效应的生物地球化学和生物物理机理，总结了当前研究中亟待深入探索的内容，并展望了未来造林仍需深入开展系统地生物地球化学和生物物理机理研究，推动可持续地人工林管理、恢复具有完整结构的森林、促进多重生态系统服务的协同。     

贵州北盘江喀斯特地区车桑子造林对乡土植物物种多样性的影响

为明确车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)造林对北盘江喀斯特地区乡土植物物种多样性的影响,该研究采用群落样地调查法对不同车桑子覆盖度(0、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%)下的植物群落进行实地调查,并对其植物群落的物种多样性进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)随车桑子覆盖度的增加,群落物种数及高位芽物种数有所下降,留下的物种多为地面芽、隐芽和一年生的草本植物。(2)随车桑子覆盖度的增加,Margalef指数、Simpson指数、Shan-non-Wiener指数及Pielou指数均呈下降趋势,群落中植物的种类和数量均减少,群落结构趋于简单,稳定性降低。(3)随车桑子覆盖度的增加,群落的物种组成不断发生替换,且草本植物的物种替代率均大于木本植物,但群落中物种间替代率呈先降低后升高的趋势,相邻两覆盖度之间的物种相似性系数呈先增加后减小的趋势。研究认为,当车桑子覆盖度≥60%后,乡土植物物种丰富度、多样性相对较低,物种分配不均匀,群落结构变简单,稳定性较差,不利于群落向更高级的演替阶段发展。     

三北工程黄土高原丘陵沟壑区森林降温增湿效果研究

生态系统可通过植被蒸腾与土壤蒸发作用调节区域温度与湿度。三北工程黄土高原丘陵沟壑区属于干旱和半干旱区,森林降温增湿功能有助于改善区域生存环境。在分析研究区森林覆被变化基础上,利用Penman-Monteith公式模拟了森林实际蒸散量,研究了森林增湿与降温效果。研究结果显示:(1)1980—2015年研究区森林面积增加了2.25%,主要来自荒草地、耕地和荒漠;(2)1980—2015年研究区森林6—9月实际蒸散总量为1.19×10~(10)—1.40×10~(10) t/a,平均实际蒸散量为219—257 mm,可使区域6—9月绝对湿度每日增加0.47—0.55 g/m~3,相对湿度每日增加2.87%—3.32%;(3)森林通过蒸散作用吸热量为29.15×10~(15)—34.26×10~(15) kJ/a,单位面积蒸散吸热量为53.72×10~8—63.13×10~8 kJ hm~(-2) a~(-1),通过蒸散吸热日降温量为0.92—1.08℃/d;(4)研究区森林蒸散量在1980—2010年逐渐增加,但在2015年明显下降,这主要是由降水减少导致;森林面积较大的山西和陕西森林蒸散降温增湿效果较好。通过对比相同年份不同土地覆被发现,森林实际蒸散量显著高于其他土地覆被类型。因此,未来研究区可在水资源承载能力范围内适当增加森林面积,充分发挥森林调节区域气候的作用。     

Fine-scale spatial distribution of soil organic carbon and its fractions after afforestation with Pinus sylvestris and Salix psammophila in a semiarid desert of China

半干旱沙漠中樟子松和沙柳造林后土壤有机碳及其组分的小尺度空间分布 半干旱沙漠造林有助于改善土壤功能以及增加土壤有机碳(SOC)固定,但人们对造林后SOC及其不稳定(LOC)组分的小尺度空间分布了解甚少。本研究以毛乌素沙地东南缘樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)和沙柳 (Salix psammophila)为研究对象,量化了距离树体20、80、150和240 cm处SOC、LOC组分及其相关变量的小尺度空间分布。研究结果表明,沙柳和樟子松造林显著提高了SOC、总氮(TN)、可溶性有机碳 (DOC)、微生物碳(MBC)和易氧化有机碳(ROOC)含量;在距离树体20 cm处,0–100 cm土层樟子松SOC 储量比沙柳高27.21%;在距离树体80和150 cm处,沙柳SOC储量分别比樟子松高5.50%和5.66%;与流 沙地相比,在距离树体20、80、150 和240 cm处,沙柳和樟子松SOC储量显著增加了94.90%、39.50%、 27.10%和18.50%;沙柳和樟子松ROOC分别占SOC的14.09%和18.93%。总之,造林促进了半干旱流沙地SOC的积累,樟子松比沙柳分配更多的有机质到距离树体<80 cm范围内的土体中。     

Implications of land‐use change to Short Rotation Forestry in Great Britain for soil and biomass carbon

Land‐use change can have significant impacts on soil and aboveground carbon (C) stocks and there is a clear need to identify sustainable land uses which maximize C mitigation potential. Land‐use transitions from agricultural to bioenergy crops are increasingly common in Europe with one option being Short Rotation Forestry (SRF). Research on the impact on C stocks of the establishment of SRF is limited, but given the potential for this bioenergy crop in temperate climates, there is an evident knowledge gap. Here, we examine changes in soil C stock following the establishment of SRF using combined short (30 cm depth) and deep (1 m depth) soil cores at 11 sites representing 29 transitions from agriculture to SRF. We compare the effects of tree species including 9 coniferous, 16 broadleaved and 4 Eucalyptus transitions. SRF aboveground and root biomass were also estimated in 15 of the transitions using tree mensuration data allowing assessments of changes in total ecosystem C stock. Planting coniferous SRF, compared to broadleaved and Eucalyptus SRF, resulted in greater accumulation of litter and overall increased soil C stock relative to agricultural controls. Though broadleaved SRF had no overall effect on soil C stock, it showed the most variable response suggesting species‐specific effects and interactions with soil types. While Eucalyptus transitions induced a reduction in soil C stocks, this was not significant unless considered on a soil mass basis. Given the relatively young age and limited number of Eucalyptus plantations, it is not possible to say whether this reduction will persist in older stands. Combining estimates of C stocks from different ecosystem components (e.g., soil, aboveground biomass) reinforced the accumulation of C under coniferous SRF, and indicates generally positive effects of SRF on whole‐ecosystem C. These results fill an important knowledge gap and provide data for modelling of future scenarios of LUC.     

Understory vegetation as an indicator for floodplain forest restoration in the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley,U.S.A.

In the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (MAV), complete alteration of river‐floodplain hydrology allowed for widespread conversion of forested bottomlands to intensive agriculture, resulting in nearly 80% forest loss. Governmental programs have attempted to restore forest habitat and functions within this altered landscape by the methods of tree planting (afforestation) and local hydrologic enhancement on reclaimed croplands. Early assessments identified factors that influenced whether planting plus tree colonization could establish an overstory community similar to natural bottomland forests. The extent to which afforested sites develop typical understory vegetation has not been evaluated, yet understory composition may be indicative of restored site conditions. As part of a broad study quantifying the ecosystem services gained from restoration efforts, understory vegetation was compared between 37 afforested sites and 26 mature forest sites. Differences in vegetation attributes for species growth forms, wetland indicator classes, and native status were tested with univariate analyses; floristic composition data were analyzed by multivariate techniques. Understory vegetation of restoration sites was generally hydrophytic, but species composition differed from that of mature bottomland forest because of young successional age and differing responses of plant growth forms. Attribute and floristic variation among restoration sites was related to variation in canopy development and local wetness conditions, which in turn reflected both intrinsic site features and outcomes of restoration practices. Thus, understory vegetation is a useful indicator of functional progress in floodplain forest restoration.     

Forest transitions in Eastern Europe and their effects on carbon budgets

Forests often rebound from deforestation following industrialization and urbanization, but for many regions our understanding of where and when forest transitions happened, and how they affected carbon budgets remains poor. One such region is Eastern Europe, where political and socio‐economic conditions changed drastically over the last three centuries, but forest trends have not yet been analyzed in detail. We present a new assessment of historical forest change in the European part of the former Soviet Union and the legacies of these changes on contemporary carbon stocks. To reconstruct forest area, we homogenized statistics at the provincial level for ad 1700–2010 to identify forest transition years and forest trends. We contrast our reconstruction with the KK11 and HYDE 3.1 land change scenarios, and use all three datasets to drive the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model to calculate carbon stock dynamics. Our results revealed that forest transitions in Eastern Europe occurred predominantly in the early 20th century, substantially later than in Western Europe. We also found marked geographic variation in forest transitions, with some areas characterized by relatively stable or continuously declining forest area. Our data suggest extensive deforestation in European Russia already prior to ad 1700, and even greater deforestation in the 18th and 19th centuries than in the KK11 and HYDE scenarios. Based on our reconstruction, cumulative carbon emissions from deforestation were greater before 1700 (60 Pg C) than thereafter (29 Pg C). Summed over our entire study area, forest transitions led to a modest uptake in carbon over recent decades, with our dataset showing the smallest effect (<5.5 Pg C) and a more heterogeneous pattern of source and sink regions. This suggests substantial sequestration potential in regrowing forests of the region, a trend that may be amplified through ongoing land abandonment, climate change, and CO₂ fertilization.     

南亚热带3种阔叶树种人工幼龄纯林及其混交林碳贮量比较

如何通过优化造林模式来提高人工林生态系统碳贮量已受到广泛关注。以南亚热带8年生格木(Erythrophleum fordii)纯林(PE)、红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)纯林(PC)、米老排(Mytilaria laosensis)纯林(PM)及格木×红锥×米老排混交林(MECM)生态系统为研究对象,对其碳贮量及其分配特征进行了比较研究。结果表明:格木、红锥和米老排不同器官平均碳含量分别为512.4—561.7 g/kg,474.2—553.4 g/kg和512.8—556.3 g/kg。相同树种不同器官之间碳含量差异显著(P0.05)。各器官碳含量的平均值大小顺序为格木(539.3 g/kg)米老排(532.7 g/kg)红锥(515.3 g/kg)。不同林分间,灌木层、草本层和凋落物层碳含量均以米老排纯林最高,混交林(MECM)居次,红锥纯林和格木纯林最低;不同林分之间的土壤碳含量差异显著(P0.05),0—10cm,10—30cm,30—50cm和50—100cm土壤碳含量均以米老排纯林最高,红锥纯林居次,格木纯林和混交林(MECM)土壤碳含量最低。生态系统碳贮量大小顺序为米老排(308.0 t/hm2)混交林(182.8 t/hm2)红锥纯林(180.2 t/hm2)格木纯林(135.2 t/hm2),相同组分不同林分间以及相同林分的不同组分间均存在显著差异(P0.05),但混交林与红锥纯林间碳贮量总量无显著差异(P0.05)。造林模式对人工林碳贮量及其分配有显著影响,营建混交林有利于红锥和格木地上碳的累积,不利于土壤碳的固定,而营建纯林既有利于米老排生物量碳的吸收,也有利于土壤碳的固定。因而,对碳汇林造林模式的选择,应根据树种固碳特性而定。